Chemistry
Atomic Model Timeline
1808 John Dalton
- All atoms of a certain elements are identical.
- Atoms
- ms join with other atoms to make new substances.
- Every substce is made up of atoms combined in certain ways.
- All matters are made up of atoms
- cannot be created, divided, or destroyed.
- Atoms are made up of even smaller particles.
- Particles within the atom that have a negative charge.
- Negatively charge particles later became known as electrons.
- Electrons mixed through it.
- Atom have a nucleus a small dense center that have a positive charge.
- nucleus is surrounded by moving electrons.
- nucleus is made up of positively charged particles called proton.1913 Niels Bohr
- Electron move around the nucleus in circular paths.
- Each path is a certain distance from the nucleusof elements. .
- Bohr model helped scientists predict the chemical properties
- Nucleus contains uncharge particles called neutrons.
- Electrons do not move in circular path.
- Electrons move within an area around the nucleus called the electron cloud.
Archimedes Principle
Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid. Suppose like when we put our hands in the cup that is full of water the amount of the water that spill or increase will show the volume of the hand the big the object the more water spill.More water that increase when a object goes in the container the more volume it is.
Buoyant Force
Buoyant force is the force that push the object that hit the fluid
if amount of buoyant force is more
than the object weight the object will float.
Gravity,Mass,and Weight
Gravity
- gravity is force that pulls you down
- mass is the amount of matter.
- more mass their will be more gravity.
3 Law of Newton
1st Law of Motion
That an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. Law of Inertia
Example:
- Push a box
- Tug-of-War
- Ping Pong ball and a card
- Pull the blanket from the table
The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.
- rolling an object down the slide
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- roll both of the tennis balls hit each other
Net Force
If two people push or pull in same direction it will became F2+F1.
If two people push or pull in opposite direction it will became F2-F1.
Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate that increase or decrease of velocity.
- Positive Acceleration
- Negative Acceleration
- Centripetal Acceleration
- Speed
- Velocity
Acceleration Equation
Speed and Velocity Equatio
Evolution Theory
Evolution theory is when animal need to adapt to the environment until
it start change and create a new specie.
Lenetic Engineering, Artificial Selection, and Cloning
Genetic Engineering
genetic engineering is the process of manually inserted into an organism.
Artificial Selection
artificial selection is a process by in which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics.
Cloning
cloning is making a identical copy of something.
DNA and RNA
DNA or Deoxyribonucleicacid
Meaning : a self-replicating material which is present in
nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes.
It is the carrier of genetic information
Structure: Double Helix
Function: Give information to RNA like a recipe book
Nucleotide type: (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
RNA or Ribonucleic
Meaning: a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a
messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins,
although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.
Function: following instruction of DNA
Nucleotide type: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or uracil (U)
Genetics
Heredity
Is the genes that send from your parents this explains
why you look your mother or
father this is discover by Gregor Mendel.
Down syndrome
Normally in one pair of chromosome there are
2 chromosome but person who be down
syndrome one pair of their chromosome will be
3 chromosome in the error pair
Sexual Reproduction
- Partner
- Female
- Slow
- Complex
- Genetic Viriations
- Fish
- Mammals
- Birds
- Insect
Same Things of Asexual Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction
- Producing offspring
- Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
- No need of partner
- Female and male can reproduce
- quick
- easy
- genetically the same
- Vegetative Ex. strawberry
- Spore Ex. fern
- Fragmentation Ex. black worm
- Binary Fussion Ex. bacteria
- Budding Ex. Hydra
Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
Meiosis
Phrophase1:The nuclear breaks and chromosomes duplicate.
Metaphase1:Chromosomes line up in the middle. Spindle fiber hold the chromosomes
Anaphase1:The spindle fiber
Telophase1:The c ell start to separate and cytoplasm pinched inward.
Phrophase 2:The nuclear doesn't breaks and chromosomes duplicate. Metaphase 2:Chromosomes line up in the middle. Spindle fiber hold the chromosomes
Anaphase 2:The spindle fiber pull it and the chromosome are cut in to 2 parts call chromatids.
Telophase 2:The c ell start to separate and cytoplasm pinched inward.This process produce sex cell only that are sperm and egg cell.
Mitosis
G1: The normal function and increasing of cell
S shape: The duplicating of DNA
G2: The spindle fiber start to duplicate
Phrophase: The chromosomes start to become thicker and shorter.The nuclear breaks and chromosomes duplicate.
Metaphase:The spindle goes to the opposite corners and chromosomes are a line. Then the spindle fiber hold the chromosomes
Anaphase: The spindle fiber pull it and the chromosome are cut in to 2 parts call chromatids.
Telophase: The c ell start to separate and cytoplasm pinched inward.This process use to make body cells.
Chromosome
Chromosome are made up of chromatin
Chromatin are made up of DNA+Protein
The middle that help connect chromatids are cetromere. When a cell division is working it will make sure that the DNA is copy correctly